Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Sphaeranthus amaranthoides: Drug Loading and Anticancer Properties in Nanomedicine

Abstract

Aim This study introduces a sustainable method for synthesizing anisotropic Sphaeranthus amaranthoides leaf extract reduced gold nanoparticles (S-GNPs) by utilizing the phenolic compounds present in Sphaeranthus amaranthoides leaf extract. Background Unlike conventional chemical methods, this eco-friendly approach leverages natural sunlight as a catalyst and hyaluronic acid for stabilization, providing a green, scalable solution. Objectives The research aims to develop a biocompatible, stable nanoparticle system for targeted cancer drug delivery. Materials and Methods The nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) to confirm size, morphology, and zeta potential. Stability was tested in saline solutions at physiological pH. In vivo toxicity studies were conducted using zebra fish larvae, demonstrating high biocompatibility at concentrations below 100 µg/mL. Conclusion Dexamethasone-loaded S-GNPs exhibited significant cytotoxicity against THP-1 Acute Monocytic Leukemia cells, underscoring the potential of this eco-friendly synthesis method for cancer therapy applications. These findings highlight the viability of S-GNPs as effective, biocompatible vehicles for targeted drug delivery, presenting a sustainable alternative to conventional nanoparticle systems.

Keywords: Anticancer activity; Dexamethasone; Gold nanoparticles; Leaf extract; Sphaeranthus amaranthoides