Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactivity Assessment of Traditional Medicinal Plants as Innovative Therapeutics for Wound Care Applications

INTRODUCTION

Chronic wounds impact a significant portion of world population. The global occurrence of these wounds is predicted to be 1 to 2% in developing countries with the incidence expected to increase with increase in age (Abebia et al., 2025). The biofilm presence is accredited as a major factor driving chronicity and are responsible for over 65% of all chronic bacterial infections (Regulski et al., 2023). In India, community-based epidemiological study reported that the frequency of chronic wounds to be 1.89 per 1000 population. Chronic wounds often lead to significant discomfort and adversely affect a patient’s quality of life. They also place a substantial economic burden on both patients and healthcare systems (Sharma et al., 2024). Antimicrobial agents are the keys of modern medicine (Jangra et al., 2025), Yet the rise of resistant bacteria have become a severe and growing global threat. Beyond antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation is another survival strategy used by bacteria. Biofilm is the aggregation of microorganisms encased in a slimy matrix called Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) (Goswami et al., 2023; Kuschmierz et al., 2022). Strategies to manage biofilm infection involves some conventional methods like cleaning, debridement, wound dressing, bandaging, use of antibiotics etc. Emerging strategies includes grafting, negative pressure therapy, stem cell therapy, bioengineered cellular therapy, microbubbles, nanomaterial, nano-emulsion use (Advancements, 2022). The complexity of biofilm and their increased resistance become more challenging to the current treatments (Goswami et al., 2023). EPS hinder antibiotic penetration, allows evasion of the host immune system and facilitates gene evolution through genetic material exchange, thereby contributing to the inefficacy of antimicrobial drugs (Di, 2018). Despite their benefits and applications, existing treatment processes (including both surgical and medical) facing restrictions such as short duration of effectiveness, high costs, high toxicity, low efficacy, and increased infection threat (Abebia et al., 2025). In conclusion, biofilm have a significant impact on clinical outcomes by fostering chronic infection, persistence and antibiotics resistance (Sharif and Yadav, 2025). Their capacity to evade both host immune response and standard therapeutic methods emphasizes need for innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic wound associated with biofilm (Dwivedi et al., 2017; Karan et al., 2024).

Addressing such challenges turns the way towards traditional medicinal systems, many medicinal plants have antioxidant, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and cell modulating properties (Kadam et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2021). Traditional medicine practices have been identified as significant source of novel antimicrobial agents (Abdallah et al., 2023). However, the mechanism of action of phytochemicals at the tissue level and their antibacterial activity at molecular level are not well documented (Kadam et al., 2020; Shoaib et al., 2016). This work aims to assess the effectiveness of the traditional medicines on biofilm mediated infection. Although there has been recent progress, literature is mainly based on in vivo and in vitro case studies of small animals only, highlighting the need of extensive research to fill this gap (Kadam et al., 2020). Due to their great chemical diversity, plants are promising sources for developing drugs or strategies for the wound treatments, contributing the development of new low cost, accessible strategies for the treating bacteria- infected wounds (Mandrika et al., 2021). Traditional plant-based remedies are having great significant as a novel antibacterial agent. To investigate this potential, it is essential to incorporate them into present scientific research. Various phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other plant-derived substances may have the potential to address wound biofilm due to their antioxidant, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and cell synthesis-modulating properties (Kadam et al., 2020). However, research in this area is limited and further investigation and development are necessary.

Therefore, the work aims to investigate potential mechanism of action of four medicinal plants using the reference from Ayurvedic literature. The bark of Symplocos racemosa (commonly known as Lodhra), Pterocarpus marsupium (commonly known as Bijak), Myrica esculenta (commonly known as Katphal), and the heartwood of Senegalia catechu (commonly known as Khadir) to were used for the study. The bark of Symplocos racemosa is extensively used in Ayurvedic and Unani preparation from long time because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effects (Maitra and Satardekar, 2017; Sood et al., 2020). The whole plant of Myrica esculenta have nutritional and therapeutic importance (Don and Baghel, 2019). Phenolic nanoparticles of Pterocarpus marsupium were showing inhibition action against Staphylococcus aureus (Suparno et al., 2024). Senegalia catechu has been extensively used in management of various problems because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic activities (Tree, 2025). This ancient remedy continues to be an essential herbal resource both for curative and preventive healthcare. The present work revealed antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of these four plants extracts. They were tested against Gram-positive bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are commonly associated with chronic wounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Extraction of phytoconstituents by maceration technique

The bark of Symplocos racemosa (Symplocaceae, common name: Lodhra), Pterocarpus marsupium (Fabaceae, common name Bijak), Myrica esculenta (Myricaceae, common name: Katphal), and the heartwood of Senegalia catechu (Fabaceae, common name: Khadir) were used for the study. They were named as L, Bj, Kt, and Kh for Lodhra, Bijak, Katphal and Khadir respectively.

The plant extracts were prepared by using a maceration technique using 10 g of plant material (Figure 1) dissolved in with 100 mL of absolute ethanol, methanol, and distilled water separately for 72 hr. Extracts were filtered and then concentrated using rotary evaporator at 40ºC. Dried extracts were then stored in cool and dry place (Article, 2020). Extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antibacterial, anti-biofilm evaluation. For each sample, amount of dried extract mass was used for calculation yield was calculated (Ngamkhae et al., 2022) as,

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Phytochemical profiling by LC MS

In accordance with the established protocols, a qualitative analysis of phytochemicals was conducted to estimate the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and phenol in plants extracts (Al-Deen et al., 2019; Madhu et al., 2016; Pooja et al., 2022). Ethanol extracts of plant material were subjected to LC- Mass Spectroscopy for identification of the phytochemicals based on molecular formula, mass and retention time. Phytochemicals separation was carried out in positive ion mode using 6200 series TOF/6500 series Q-TOF B.09.00 (B9044.0) mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization source.

Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of plant extracts

Two Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus DSM 3463(A) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus 10024 CHB (B) and two Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 THL (C) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. ozaenae 9295(D) were used for the study. The bacteria used for the study are predominantly present in wound and all of these bacteria were biofilm forming ability. The identity of the bacterial strains was further validated by MALDI-TOF MS. The results are documented in our publication. (Shinde et al., 2025). All the bacteria were maintained on TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) plates till further use and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hr before use.

Plant extracts were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion technique. The study was performed as per the procedure mentioned by CLSI guidelines (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute). Bacterial cultures were inoculated in TSB (Tryptic Soy Broth) and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hr.

This inoculum was diluted to adjust the OD between 0.08 and 0.1, maintaining the turbidity approximately 1.5 × 10 ⁸ CFU/mL (0.5 McFarland standard). These suspensions were then spread on MHA (Mueller Hinton agar) plates using sterile cotton swabs (Untachai et al., 2018). Aseptically, in each well 100 µL of plant extract was added with concentration of 50 mg/mL. The isolates were also tested with different antibiotics that are often used in clinical trials to assess their resistance levels (Nath et al., 2019). Antibacterial activity of plant extract was then evaluated by measuring the zone of growth inhibition surrounding the wells. Subsequently, the MIC (Minimum Inhibition Concentrations) of plant extracts was determined by broth dilution method. A sterile 96 well plate was supplemented with 100 µL of TSB with 5 µL of bacterial culture and different concentrations of plant extracts (20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 mg/mL). The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hr. The absorbance was measured at 600 nm. The MIC was determined as the lowest plant extract concentration in the wells that shows no significant difference in absorbance compared to the blank control wells. The experiment was conducted in triplicates and the findings are shown as the average of the three measurements ± standard deviation.

Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) assay

Bacterial suspension with 0.5 McFarland standard were spread on MHA plates using sterile cotton swabs. Antibacterial activity of antibiotics disc viz. Aztreonam - AT (30 mcg/disc), Co-Trimoxazole-COT (25 mcg), Linezolid- LZ (30 mcg), Tobramycin- TOB (10 mcg), Tetracyclin - TE (30 mcg), Gentamicine - GEN (10 mcg), Amikacin-Ak (30 mcg), Piperacillin PIT (100 mcg) were done and zone of inhibition was measured. Same antibiotics discs were placed on the plate and 5 µL of plant extract were added to each disc and plates were incubated. FIC, i.e. Fractional inhibitory concentration was calculated with the formula (Nath et al., 2019).

Where,

The FIC index was interpreted as synergy; FIC≤ 0.5, additive; 0.5 ≥ FIC ≤ 1, indifference; 1 ≥ FIC ≤ 4; and antagonism; FIC < 4 (Chauhan et al., 2023; Shafiei et al., 2016).

Antibiofilm assay

Assessment of biofilm inhibition efficacy of plants extracts

All the bacterial strains were reported to produce biofilm as documented in our earlier work (Shinde et al., 2025). The concentrations of plant extracts showing significant antibacterial activity was used for antibiofilm study. 100 µL plant extract diluted with TSB was added to 96 well plates. Overnight grown culture of bacteria diluted to 0.5 McFarland standards in fresh medium was added. Bacterial culture and media with antibiotics is use as positive control, negative control was prepared by adding bacterial culture with TSB media. Equal volume of only media was added as media control, well with media plus plant extract was used as extract control (Bazargani and Rohloff, 2016). Plate was kept at 37ºC for 24 hr. Aseptically, wells were aspirated and planktonic cells were removed by washing three times with Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS). The attached biofilm was fixed by adding 150 µL of 96% methanol for 15 min. Methanol was removed and stained the wells with 200 µL of 1% crystal violet for 20 min. Then wells were cleaned with sterile distilled water and air dried. The stain from adhered biofilm was extracted by addition of 150 µL of 33% glacial acetic acid and absorbance was noted at 630 nm. The experiment was performed in triplicate and percentage of biofilm inhibition was determined by using following formula:

Biofilm reduction assay

For the biofilm reduction assay, 100 µL of overnight-grown bacterial culture in TSB was added to a 96-well microtiter plate and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hr to allow biofilm formation. After incubation, the planktonic medium was carefully removed, and the wells were gently washed three times with PBS. Different concentrations of plant extracts diluted with media were added to the respective wells and incubated at 37ºC for an additional 24 hr. Control wells were maintained under the same conditions, and biofilm quantification was performed using the crystal violet staining method (Sood et al., 2020).

MTT assay for toxicity

Cytotoxicity of ethanolic plant extracts was studied using MTT (3, 4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay (Dandannavar et al., 2019; Sci et al., 2021). Here, MTT, yellow coloured tetrazolium dye is reduced to insoluble formazan crystals by mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase. For this assay, mouse fibroblast cell line L929 was cultured in MEM (Minimum Essential Media) supplemented with 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), 1% antibiotics and 1% NEAA (Non-essential amino acids) and incubated at 37ºC under 5% CO₂. At 80% cell density, the culture was trypsinized, stained with Tryphan blue and counted using hemocytometer. Here, dead cells are appearing blue in colour. Seed 100 µL of L929 cell suspension (1×10⁴ cells/mL) in a 96 well plate and cultured overnight at 37ºC, 5% CO₂. After incubation, the cells were treated with different concentration of plant extracts (10, 20, 40, 60, 80,100 ug/mL) keeping media control (medium without cells), cell control (medium with cells and no plant extract) and vehicle control (medium with plant extract and no cells) and further kept at 37ºC for 24 hr. Add 20 µL of MTT solution in each well (10% of total volume) and after 2 to 4 hr of incubation add 100 µL solubilizing solution and stir for 30 min to enhance dissolution of formazan crystals. Read the absorbance on ELISA reader at 570 nm and percentage of cell viability was calculated as:

Statistical analysis

All experiments were run in triplicate, and the results are reported as the mean±SD standard deviation). To assess statistical significance among multiple groups, ANOVA (A One-way Analysis of Variance) was employed. Results were considered statistically significance if p<0.05.

RESULTS

Extraction of phyto-constituents

The highest quantity of extract was obtained from Khadir using all three solvents peaking with 66.7% with ethanol, 63.4% with methanol followed by 52.1% with water. Lodhra demonstrated highest yield with aqueous extraction at 41% while 36.8% with ethanol and 33.7% with methanol. Katphal produces 14.4% with methanol, 12% with water and 7.4% with ethanol. Bijak resulted in 6.4% with ethanol followed by 4.6% and 5.2% with methanol and water respectively.

Phytochemicals analysis

Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated positive results for flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, anthraquinone, glycosides and alkaloids. Anthraquinone test was negative for Bj, results were shown in Table 1A. The LC-MS analysis of ethanolic extracts of Bj, L, Kt and Kh in positive ion mode displayed several distinct peaks, signifying the presence of a various phytochemicals with differing polarities. Peaks that appear early in the chromatogram indicate polar phenolic compounds, whereas those that appear in the middle and later stages are associated with flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids-like substances. List of phytochemicals reported by LS-MS analysis along with their molecular mass and retention time are mentioned in Table 1B.

Antibacterial and anti-biofilm assay of plant extracts

Antibacterial assay of plant extracts

Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of four plant samples were analysed for their antibacterial activity against four different bacteria by agar well diffusion method and results are tabulated in Table 2. Among all extracts, Katphal was showing significant zones of inhibition ranged between 12 mm to 25 mm for Gram positive and 10 mm to12 mm for Gram negative bacteria. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extract of Lodhra exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all four tested microorganisms, with the effectiveness in the following order: S. aureus > S. haemolyticus > P. aeruginosa > K. pneumoniae. The zone of inhibition was in the range of 11-17 mm for Gram-positive bacteria and 10-13 mm for Gram-negative bacteria. Ethanolic extract of Bijak indicated good activity against four bacteria, with zone of inhibition in the range of 10 mm to 15 mm. Khadir also exhibited inhibition against S. aureus and S. haemolyticus was in the range of 10 mm to 13 mm. Methanolic and aqueous extract of Bijak, Lodhra and Khadir was not showing significant activities against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Two-way ANOVA observed significant main effect of plants, types of extracts and microorganisms with p<0.05.

Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) assay

Since ethanolic extract of Lodhra and Katphal demonstrated notable antibacterial property, these extracts were combined with conventional antibiotics: Aztreonam - AT (30 mcg/disc), Co-Trimoxazole-COT (25 mcg), Linezolid- LZ (30 mcg), Tobramycin- TOB (10 mcg), Tetracyclin - TE (30 mcg), Gentamicine - GEN (10 mcg), Amikacin - Ak(30 mcg), Piperacillin PIT (100 mcg) to evaluate their effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive, Figure 2A) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative, Figure 2B). The zone of inhibition of combination of conventional antibiotics and ethanolic extract of Lodhra and Katphal with the corresponding FIC index values for each antibiotic combination is presented in Table 3. The result revealed synergistic effects with addition of Lodhra and Katphal.

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Antibiofilm activity

Biofilm inhibition assay of plant extracts

The antibiofilm potential of plant extracts against four bacterial strains was evaluated using crystal violet staining method. Ethanolic (Et), Methanolic (Mt), and aqueous (D/W) extracts of Katphal (Kt), Khadir (Kh), Lodhra (L), and Bijak (Bj) was used to assess the anti-biofilm potential and result are mentioned in Table 4A. For S. aureus, the ethanolic extract of Katphal exhibited the highest antibiofilm activity with 67.85% reduction, while methanolic extract of Khadir indicated 83.57% reduction. Conversely, aqueous extract of Khadir and ethanolic extract of Bijak, have shown minimal or no inhibition. Methanolic extract of Lodhra exhibited variable activity with inhibition up to 46.28% against K. pneumoniae. Bijak extracts have shown the least antibiofilm potential, indicating possible no inhibition (Figure 3A).

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Overall, ethanol and methanol extracts exhibited higher antibiofilm activity across the tested bacterial strains. These findings suggest the potential of plant extracts, especially Katphal and Khadir, as sources of anti-biofilm agents against clinically relevant bacteria.

Biofilm reduction assay

The results from the antibacterial and antibiofilm assays prompted us to further investigate the effect of the ethanol extracts of these plants on pre-formed biofilms. The ability of plant extracts to inhibit biofilm, which was already formed was determined and presented in Table 4B. Khadir was showing higher percentage of inhibition with S. aureus, S. hemolyticus and K. pneumoniae, except P. aeruginosa showing much lower inhibition. Katphal has shown the highest biofilm inhibition of K. pneumoniae. Lodhra was showing significant effectiveness against S. hemolyticus, and Bijak against K. pneumoniae. Overall, the data reflect significant variability in inhibitory effects (Figure 3B).

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Cell toxicity assay

Figure 4 indicates the dose dependent viability of mouse fibroblast cells after 24 hr treatment with plants extracts using MTT assay. Here cell viability affected as increasing the extract concentration for all plants except Katphal. IC₅₀ values for B and Kh is between 50 to 60 ug/mL, whereas L is more robust crossing it closure to 80-90 ug/mL, Katphal showed induce proliferation up to 137% to 160% respectively.

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DISCUSSION

The traditional medicinal system, significantly influences the modern medicines (Venugopal and Shukla, 2025). Single or polyherbal formulation may offer broad spectrum of bioactive molecules (Jangra et al., 2025). Phytochemical profiling along with antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the bark of Symplocos racemosa (Lodhra), Pterocarpus marsupium (Bijak), Myrica esculenta (Katphal), and the heartwood of Senegalia catechu (Khadir) was performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are frequently associated to chronic wounds.

The highest yield of extraction was observed with Khadir across all three solvents indicating its rich phytochemical content. Qualitative phytochemical estimation revealed the occurrence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinone, alkaloids and glycosides which have been reported to employ varying degree of action against bacteria. LC-MS analysis further confirmed the diverse range of phytochemicals, highlighting the complexity and therapeutic potential of these extracts.

Antibacterial assay demonstrated that the Lodhra extract showed significant inhibitory action against all tested microorganisms. Bijak extract has shown least antibacterial activity whereas Katphal extract showing highest inhibition especially against Gram positive bacteria. Khadir displayed moderate inhibition activity which was limited to S. aureus and S. haemolyticus. The observed variations in antibacterial efficacy among the plant extracts with different solvents indicate differential solubility and action of bioactive phytochemicals.

Combination studies with conventional antibiotics paired with ethanol extract of Lodhra and Katphal revealed synergistic effect against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa enhancing antibacterial efficacy.

The antibiofilm assay results demonstrated that the ethanol and methanol extracts exhibited greater inhibition of biofilm formation compared to the aqueous extracts. Among the tested samples, the ethanol extract of Katphal and the methanol extract of Khadir showed the highest antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition percentage of 67.85% and 83.75%, respectively.

In contrast, the aqueous extracts of Bijak and Khadir, along with methanol extract of Khadir, reported minimum or no inhibition which may be attributed to an insufficient concentration of active phytoconstituents in the extracts. The inhibitory activity of the plant extracts against pre-formed biofilms varied considerably depending on both the type of extract. Khadir extract exhibited a broad spectrum of biofilm inhibition against most of the tested organisms, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas Katphal and Lodhra demonstrated comparatively selective antibiofilm activity.

Antibiotics resistant bacteria have adapted to withstand antibiotics rendering infection, difficult to treat posing a significant global health challenge. Thus, a critical need exists for the development of a novel inhibitory agent targeting these bacteria. Throughout the history, plant and their derivatives have been extensively used to treat such medical conditions. A wealth of research has focused on extracting natural products to evaluate their antimicrobial potential.

This work has shown the potential of plant extracts evaluating particularly Lodhra, Katphal and Khadir as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent. Our research findings are generally consistent with existing literature (Acharya et al., 2016; Butala et al., 2017; Tree, 2025). The variation in the activities highlighted the importance of choice of solvent for extraction and the extract composition. The synergistic effect of Lodhra with antibiotics combination suggests a promising adjunctive approach to combat antibacterial resistant strains. Cytotoxicity studies indicating dose dependent responses with L, B and Kh whereas Kt induces proliferation in fibroblast cells. According to the data often cited in literature and National Cancer Institute consider IC₅₀<100 ug/mL to be active and our data showed non-toxicity of ethanol extract of plants and can be used for further studies.

CONCLUSION

In search of better treatment, numerous approaches are available in the literature to deal with bacteria and biofilm associated infections. The limitation of existing procedure and the continuing threat of antimicrobial resistance to world health highlighted the need that traditional practices need to be integrated and validated. Integrating the traditional wisdom with modern scientific approaches, we can potentially enhance health care efficacy and foster the development of novel therapeutic solution.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by a grant from DBT-BUILDER, which we gratefully acknowledge.

ABBREVIATIONS

EPS

Extracellular Polymeric Substances

L

Lodhra

Bj

Bijak

Kt

Katphal

Kh

Khadir

LC MS

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

TOF

Time-of-Flight

Q-TOF

Quadrupole Time-of-Flight

MALDI-TOF MS

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

TSA

Tryptic Soy Agar

CLSI

Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute

TSB

Tryptic Soy Broth

OD

Optical Density

CFU

Colony Forming Units

MHA

Mueller Hinton agar

MIC

Minimum Inhibition Concentrations

FIC

Fractional Inhibitory Concentration

AT

Aztreonam

COT

Co-Trimoxazole

LZ

Linezolid

TOB

Tobramycin

TE

Tetracyclin

GEN

Gentamicine; Ak: Amikacin; PIT: Piperacillin

PBS

Phosphate Buffered Saline

MTT

3, 4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

IC₅₀

Half-maximal inhibitory concentration

ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

SD

Standard Deviation

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

Et

Ethanolic

Mt

Methanolic

D/W

Aqueous.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

FUNDING

This study was supported by a grant from DBT BUILDER (102/IFD/SAN/1337/2021-22) to the institute.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

All listed authors have significantly contributed to the work through direct and intellectual involvement and have given their approval for its publication.

SUMMARY

The healthcare system faces significant challenges due to prevalence of chronic wounds worsen by antimicrobial resistant bacteria and polymicrobial biofilm. This study investigates antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of extracts of bark of Lodhra, Katphal, Bijak and heartwood of Khadir plants referred from Ayurveda. Maceration technique was used to prepare extract using ethanol, methanol and water followed by phytochemical analysis by qualitative method and MS analysis. Antibacterial activity of extracts were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae commonly associated with wound using agar well diffusion method. Biofilm inhibition and eradication was tested using crystal violet assay and cell cytotoxicity with MTT assay. All extracts showed significant antibacterial activity, ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibiofilm activity and non-toxic to fibroblast cells. This study tried to bridge traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern sciences, to pave a way for wound care solution.