Understanding the Post-COVID Cardiovascular Impact: Manifestations, Prevalence, and Clinical Evaluation

Abstract

There is growing evidence highlighting a significant risk of cardiovascular complications in patients recovering from COVID-19, particularly among those experiencing long COVID or persistent post-acute symptoms. Numerous studies have shown that COVID-19 can trigger or exacerbate cardiovascular conditions such as myocarditis, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, and heart failure, even in individuals without a prior history of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this review is to evaluate the prevalence and risk of cardiovascular complications following COVID-19 infection. By synthesizing current research findings, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how COVID-19, especially in its long-term manifestations, contributes to increased cardiovascular risk. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. Key findings indicate an increase in cardiovascular mortality across countries during 2020, with COVID-19 significantly contributing to the incidence of myocarditis, arrhythmias, heart failure, and thrombotic events-particularly among older adults and those with pre-existing conditions. Long COVID is often associated with persistent cardiac manifestations, driven by inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability. The findings highlight the importance of managing chronic conditions and establishing specialized clinics for ongoing care. Routine cardiovascular screening, comorbidity management, and vaccination are essential components in preventing and mitigating cardiovascular complications in post-COVID patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; Cardiovascular; Inflammation; High-risk patients; Preventive measures