Article · Volume 16, Issue 70S · pp. S320–S326

Ginkgo biloba Ameliorates Fluoride Toxicity in Rats by Altering Histopathology, Serum Enzymes of Heme Metabolism and Oxidative Stress without Affecting Brain mGluR5 Gene

Sugavasi Raju^2,3, Senthilkumar Sivanesan³, Kanchanalatha Gudemalla⁴

¹Department of Anatomy, Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
²Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
³Department of Anatomy, Viswabharathi Medical College and General Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract

Background: The genus Cissus (Vitaceae) is known for its medicinal properties. Cissus quadrangularis is a well-known medicinal plant, but other species are less explored.Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Cissus arnottiana, Cissus heyneana, and Cissus vitiginea.Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the three Cissus species were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the protein denaturation inhibition assay.Results: C. heyneana showed the highest TPC (142.35 ± 2.15 mg GAE/g) and TFC (88.45 ± 1.52 mg QE/g). In the DPPH assay, C. heyneana exhibited the lowest IC50 value (45.20 ± 1.12 µg/mL). All three species showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, with C. heyneana showing the highest inhibition (78.45% at 500 µg/mL).Conclusion: The results suggest that C. heyneana is a potential source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

Keywords: Acetylcholineesterase activity; Fluoride; Ginkgo biloba extract; glutathione; heme metabolism enzymes; reduced glutathione

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