Article · Volume 16, Issue 72 · pp. 689–694
Aqueous Leaf Extract of Clinacanthus nutans Inhibits Growth and Induces Apoptosis via the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in MDA‑MB‑231 Human Breast Cancer Cells
Marilyn Jane Yong1, Ahmad Zaidi Tani2, Falah Abass Mohamed Salih2, Rahmawati Pare2, Rina Norgainathai3, Siat Yee Fong2,4
- 1Departments of Medical Education, Malaysia.
- 2Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics and, Malaysia.
- 3Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
- 4Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
Objectives: The study aimed to assess the anticancer efficacy and associated mechanisms of the crude aqueous extract of C. nutans leaves (cCN) in MDA‑MB‑231 triple‑negative human breast cancer cells.Materials and Methods: The metabolic viability of the MDA‑MB‑231 cells following respective treatments with cCN was measured using an adenosine triphosphate luminescent assay. The mode of cell death in MDA‑MB‑231 cells induced by cCN was examined using a luminescence‑ and fluorescence‑based assay and the mechanisms involved were evaluated by comparative analysis of gene expression by reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results: Dose‑ and time‑dependent growth inhibition of MDA‑MB‑231 cells by cCN was observed (IC50: 191.20 µg/mL). cCN also induced apoptotic cell death in the treated cells via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways by affecting the mRNA expression levels of Bad, Bax, Bcl‑2, Bcl‑xL, and FasL.Conclusion: These results suggest that C. nutans can be used as a potential agent in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
Keywords: Apoptosis; breast cancer; Clinacanthus nutans; growth‑inhibitory; MDA‑MB‑231
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