Critical Review of 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in Mulberry in Curing Diabetes Mellitus Roghan HB1 , Sekar I1 and Sivaprakash M1

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic condition marked by elevated blood glucose levels, has become a global health concern, requiring effective and sustainable treatments. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an iminosugar primarily found in the root extract and also in other parts of mulberry (Morus alba L.), has emerged as a promising natural compound for diabetes management due to its potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. This article explores the mechanisms, efficacy, and future prospects of DNJ in mulberry root and leaf extracts for diabetes therapy, positioning it as a compelling candidate for integrative diabetic care. DNJ works by inhibiting diabetic-related enzymes (α-glucosidase) in the small intestine, which slows carbohydrate digestion and reduces postprandial glucose spikes, a critical factor in managing diabetes. In addition to its impact on glucose metabolism, DNJ has been observed to enhance insulin sensitivity, potentially improving glucose uptake and reducing insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Research into the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of DNJ indicates that although it has moderate oral absorption, advancements in formulation techniques are enhancing its therapeutic potential. Preclinical and clinical studies confirm that mulberry root and leaf extracts containing DNJ effectively modulate blood sugar levels, supporting their role as an anti-diabetic agent. DNJ offers significant promise as a natural, less invasive alternative to synthetic anti-diabetic drugs, with a favorable safety profile and potential for broad application in diabetes management.