Ginkgo biloba Ameliorates Fluoride Toxicity in Rats by Altering Histopathology, Serum Enzymes of Heme Metabolism and Oxidative Stress without Affecting Brain mGluR5 Gene
Sugavasi Raju2,3, Senthilkumar Sivanesan3★, Kanchanalatha Gudemalla4★ Corresponding author
- 1Department of Anatomy, Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
- 2Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
- 3Department of Anatomy, Viswabharathi Medical College and General Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
CORRESPONDENCE
Senthilkumar Sivanesan
Department of Anatomy, Viswabharathi Medical College and General Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Received: 18-12-2019; Revised: 05-02-2020; Accepted: 17-03-2020.
Volume 16, Issue 70S · pp. S320–S326 · PUBLISHED 28 August 2020 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_534_19
ABSTRACT
Background: The genus <em>Cissus</em> (Vitaceae) is known for its medicinal properties. <em>Cissus quadrangularis</em> is a well-known medicinal plant, but other species are less explored. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of <em>Cissus arnottiana</em>, <em>Cissus heyneana</em>, and <em>Cissus vitiginea</em>. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the three <em>Cissus</em> species were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the protein denaturation inhibition assay. Results: <em>C. heyneana</em> showed the highest TPC (142.35 ± 2.15 mg GAE/g) and TFC (88.45 ± 1.52 mg QE/g). In the DPPH assay, <em>C. heyneana</em> exhibited the lowest IC50 value (45.20 ± 1.12 µg/mL). All three species showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, with <em>C. heyneana</em> showing the highest inhibition (78.45% at 500 µg/mL). Conclusion: The results suggest that <em>C. heyneana</em> is a potential source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Raju, S., Sivanesan, S., & Gudemalla, K. (2020). Ginkgo biloba Ameliorates Fluoride Toxicity in Rats by Altering Histopathology, Serum Enzymes of Heme Metabolism and Oxidative Stress without Affecting Brain mGluR5 Gene. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 16(70S), S320–S326. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_534_19