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Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchNOW IN
Article

Investigation on the Effect of Alginate Concentration and Flow Rate on Production of Nanoparticle Loaded with Naringenin Using Electrospray Method

Fashli Syafiq Abd Razak1★, Liew Kai Bin1, Shamima Abdul Rahman1, Nurul Izzah Amirah Abdul Rashid1, Nurul Akmar Abd Malek1, Bontha Venkata Subrahmanya Lokesh2, Wan Hamirul Bahrin Wan Kamal3, Abd Almonem Dooalaanea4, Mohamed Awang4, Mohamad Faizal Safa at5, Panairajan Vijayaraj Kumar6★ Corresponding author

  1. 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, MALAYSIA.
  2. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.
  3. 3Medical Technology Division, Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, MALAYSIA.
  4. 4Faculty of Pharmacy, University College of MAIWP International, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.
  5. 5Espray Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.
  6. 6Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.

CORRESPONDENCE

Fashli Syafiq Abd Razak

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, MALAYSIA.

fashlirazak@gmail.com

Received: 05-09-2024; Revised: 15-11-2024; Accepted: 06-04-2025.

Volume 59, Issue 3 · pp. 995–1006 · PUBLISHED 2025 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20256682

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ABSTRACT

Background: Naringenin, a polyphenolic phytochemical belonging to the flavanone class, exhibits notable anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its therapeutic application is constrained by poor aqueous solubility and limited delivery to target sites. Purpose: This study aimed to address these challenges by encapsulating naringenin in alginate nanoparticles using an electrospray method. The effects of varying alginate concentrations and flow rates on nanoparticle production were investigated. Materials and Methods: Naringenin was mixed with sodium alginate and Tween 80, and the solution was electrosprayed into a calcium chloride cross-linking agent. Particle size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), zeta potential, and Encapsulation Efficiency were measured. Results: the research work indicated that an alginate concentration of 0.5% w/v and a flow rate of 0.2 mL/hr produced nanoparticles with optimal characteristics, including a particle size of 146 nm, a PDI of 0.331, a zeta potential of -1.10 mV, and an Encapsulation Efficiency of 92.80%. Conclusion: These findings highlight the significant influence of alginate concentration and flow rate on nanoparticle formation, providing insights into developing effective naringenin-loaded nanoparticles for therapeutic applications.

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    Razak, F. S. A., Bin, L. K., Rahman, S. A., Rashid, N. I. A. A., Malek, N. A. A., Lokesh, B. V. S., Kamal, W. H. B. W., Dooalaanea, A. A., Awang, M., at, M. F. S., & Kumar, P. V. (2025). Investigation on the Effect of Alginate Concentration and Flow Rate on Production of Nanoparticle Loaded with Naringenin Using Electrospray Method. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 59(3), 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.20256682