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Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchNOW IN
Review

The Interplay between Traumatic Brain Injury, Cocaine Abuse, and Genetic Mutations in the Development of Parkinsons Disease: A Review

Mohamad Qutboddin1,2, Syed Sagheer Ahmed1★, Nahid Abbas3, Mohammad Ali1, Bharathi Doddla Raghunathanaidu1★ Corresponding author

  1. 1Depatment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara, Karnataka, INDIA.
  2. 2Department of Pharmacology, Akshaya Institute of Pharmacy, Tumkur, affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA.
  3. 3Department of Chemistry, Akshaya Institute of Pharmacy, Tumkur, affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA.

CORRESPONDENCE

Syed Sagheer Ahmed

Depatment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara, Karnataka, INDIA.

sysaha6835@gmail.com

Received: 16-12-2025; Revised: 08-01-2026; Accepted: 23-03-2026.

Volume 60, Issue 3 · pp. 918–924 · PUBLISHED 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262583

View on IJPER original site ↗

ABSTRACT

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine neurotransmitters and receptors. Although the etiology of PD is multifactorial, emerging evidence suggests that Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), cocaine abuse, and genetic mutations may contribute to the development and progression of PD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interplay between TBI, cocaine abuse, and genetic mutations in DA homeostasis in PD. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying DA depletion and receptor dysfunction in PD, and how TBI, cocaine abuse, and genetic mutations may exacerbate these processes. Ultimately, a complex relationship between TBI, cocaine abuse, genetic mutations in dopamine, and PD has been identified.

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    Qutboddin, M., Ahmed, S. S., Abbas, N., Ali, M., & Raghunathanaidu, B. D. (2026). The Interplay between Traumatic Brain Injury, Cocaine Abuse, and Genetic Mutations in the Development of Parkinsons Disease: A Review. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 60(3), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.20262583