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International Journal of Pharmaceutical InvestigationNOW IN
Article

Garcinia mangostana L. Fruit Peel-A Novel Source of Melatonin

Swarna Lekha Suresh Gandhi1, Anitha Rajasekaran1★, Harika Manniam Saravanabava1, Munusami Angusami1★ Corresponding author

  1. 1PG and Research Department of Botany, Bharathi Women’s College, George Town, Broadway, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

CORRESPONDENCE

Anitha Rajasekaran

Assistant Professor, PG & Research Department of Botany, Bharathi Women’s College, George Town, Broadway, Chennai-600108, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

anitha.rajasekaran023@gmail.com

Received: 18-03-2025; Revised: 09-04-2025; Accepted: 28-06-2025.

Volume 15, Issue 4 · pp. 1365–1369 · PUBLISHED Oct-Dec 2025 · DOI: 10.5530/ijpi.20250008

View on IJPI original site ↗

ABSTRACT

Background Melatonin (N-acetyl -5- methoxy-tryptamine) is a mammalian neuro hormone, with numerous biological functions found in animals, plants, microorganisms and one of the extensively used dietary supplements. Phytomelatonin offer a great potential as Nutraceutical in pharmaceutical industry since it is safe with no adverse effects. However, it is reported to be found in negligible quantities. Melatonin is found in all parts of the plant and fruit peels which are considered as waste can be excellent source of Melatonin. Materials and Methods The objective of the study was to screen fruit peels for phytomelatonin. Initially a quantitative test of Garcinia mangostana, Citrus aurantifolia, Punica granatum, Cirrullus lanatus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Citrus lemon, Cucumis melo, Selenicereus undatus, Musa sp., Ananas comosus, Borassus flabellifer, Litchi chinensis and Citrullus sp. fruit peel methanolic extract had positive Reaction with Human Melatonin ELISA Kit and the confirmatory test using HPLC were done Results and Discussion Further confirmatory and quantification of melatonin using ELISA Melatonin Kit revealed Garcinia mangostana fruit peel had highest melatonin with 2.2 ng/g peel, when compared to other fruit peels. The HPLC analysis of methanolic extract had a retention time of 1.315 similar to that of standard melatonin. Conclusion From the above study it is concluded that fruit peels of Garcinia mangostana is considered as agricultural waste could be potential source of Melatonin which can used as nutraceuticals for a better Human health.

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FULL TEXT

INTRODUCTION

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone concerned with circadian (Ng et al., 2020) timings, sleep (Reiter 2003), a mild tranquilizer, maintain the core body temperature (Claustrat et al., 2005), most effective antioxidant (Ferlazzo et al., 2020) and anti-aging component (Zisapel et al., 2018). It can reduce the risk of stroke and coronary heart diseases (Sewerynek, 2002), immune-modulating (Vijayalaxmi et al., 2002), anti- inflammatory, can cure Alzheimer’s diseases (Cardinali et al., 2002), Osteoporosis (Erdem et al., 2014), Neurodegenerative (Tamtaji et al., 2019) disease and prevent cancer (Chen et al., 2019). Melatonin is also effective against viral diseases especially COVID-19 (Zhou et al., 2020) and hence used extensively as a dietary supplement. According to the reports of American Psychiatric Association (APA), most adults suffer from insomnia and hence the use of synthetic melatonin has increased tremendously after COVID-19 (Tan and Reiter, 2022). The global production of synthetic melatonin was around 1.3 billion USD in 2019 and projected to increase by more than 10% by 2024. About 50% of synthetic melatonin is used for medical purposes and the remaining used in chemical and industrial purpose. Synthetic melatonin produced by chemical synthesis from tryptophan derivatives produce toxic by-products that sometimes Cause disease like Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome (Williamson et al., 1998). Melatonin produced using phthalimide (He et al., 2003) and allylamine (Verspui et al., 2000) are dangerous and toxic. Synthetic and commercial melatonin can be replaced with the natural source of Melatonin (Arnav and Hernandez-Ruiz, Cipolla-Neto and Amaral, 2018). It was believed that Melatonin was found only in humans and Mammals for past two decades. Recently, Melatonin was discovered in Plants and other living organisms (Reiter et al., 2007, Perez-Llamas et al., 2020, Altaf et al., 2021).

Melatonin in Plants is called Phytomelatonin which was discovered in the 1995 (Perez-Llamas et al., 2020, Altaf et al., 2021). Phytomelatonin is a broad antioxidant (Arnao and Hermandez- Ruiz, 2020). Phytomelatonin is present in numerous flowering plants, especially in medicinal herbs in all parts of the plants like root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seeds (Zohar et al., 2011, Bhattarcharjee and Dey, 2018) However, it is found in negligible quantities. When compared to synthetic melatonin, Phytomelatonin is better anti-inflammatory and antioxidants (Kukula-Koch et al., 2021) Although phytomelatonin can replace synthetic melatonin, detection of Phytomelatonin is not an easy process (Arnao, 2014). Conventionally it is detected through Fluorescence and Radiolabeling Techniques. These techniques are quite expensive and requires expertise personal, hence search for alternative plant source and detection method for Phytomelatonin is inevitable.

Garcinia mangostana L. called “Queen of the Fruits” has an excellent antioxidant, antitumoral, antiallergic, anti-inflamatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties and rich in alpha, beta, gamma Mangostins, Garcinone E and Gartanin. It is used for treatment of abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, infected wounds, suppuration and chronic ulcer (Pedraza- Chaverri et al., 2008). Earlier Garcinia mangostana peel was reported to contain ample amount of xanthones especially alpha mangostin (Yodhnu et al., 2009). Mangosteen peel have been extensively used in the herbal markets (Rohman et al., 2019). For the first time we report the presence of phytomelatonin in Garcinia mangostana peels..

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and Processing of Fruit Peels

Fruit Peel of Garcinia mangostana, Citrus aurantifolia, Punica granatum, Cirrullus lanatus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Citrus lemon, Cucumis melo, Selenicereus undatus, Musa sp., Ananas comosus, Borassus flabellifer, Litchi chinensis and Citrullus sp. regarded as Agro food waste were washed with the sterile distilled water and air dried. The dried peels were soaked in 100% of 99% of HPLC grade methanol in the air tight container until the colour of the methanol was changed. Cold extraction techniques were performed to extract the content of the peel. Then the extracts were allowed to dry and stored in dark, cold condition.

Quantification of Melatonin using ELISA Kit

The ELISA Melatonin kit was purchased from the Life Technologies Pvt. Ltd., About 100 microliters of the sample was placed in the 96 well Plate. Then 100 microliters of the Biotinylated Detection antibody solution were added and left to rest. The wells were washed with the wash buffer. 50 microliters of the HRP Conjugate solution was added and left undisturbed for few minutes. The reaction mixture was aspirated and washed with the wash buffer for three times. Added 90 microliters of the Substrate Reagent and kept in dark for few minutes and the reaction was stopped with the stop solution. Change of the colour from the Aqua to the Yellow indicated the presence of the Melatonin in the samples. (Wright et al., 2004) Further Melatonin was quantified using an ELISA reader.

HPLC Analysis

The prelimnary test and ELISA study revealed that Garcinia mangostana had higher melatonin concentration when compared to other fruit peels. Further confirmatory study was carried out with HPLC analysis of methanolic extract of Garcinia mangostana peel in Hubert Enviro Care Systems Pvt. Ltd., and the instrumentation work done on Agilent Technologies and the instrument 12060 Infinity HPLC DAD. Melatonin Standard was obtained from Life Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 10 μL of the standard and sample were injected into the column. Eclipse plus C18 Agilent column with a width of 5 mL 150 mm was used with PDA detector at 220 nm and HPLC performed with 95% of orthophosphoric acid and 5% acetonitrile as mobile phase at 100.00 mL/ min2 flow rate with an elution time of 10.00 min.

RESULTS

Quantification of Melatonin using ELISA Kit

Qualitative methods showed positive coloured reaction. However further quantification was done using ELISA. ELISA may serve as best method to detect and quantify Melatonin. Garcinia Mangostana extract had highest melatonin of 2.2 ng/g peel when compared to other fruit peels such as Citrus aurantifolia, Punica granatum, Cirrullus lanatus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cucumis melo, Selenicereus undatus, Annanas comosus, Borassus flabellifer, Litchi Chinensis, Musa paradisica, Citrullus sp., Naphelium lappaceum had 0.2, 0.0425, 0.0078, 1.625, 0.14, 0.1092, 0.037, 0.093, 0.0078, 0.034, 0.475 ng/g peel respectively (Figure 1). It is reported that most of the fruits have low levels of melatonin (Sturtz et al., 2011) except strawberries and tomato. Garcinia mangostana peels contain a higher melatonin when compared to the previous reports such as Vitis vinifera (0.01 to 0.97 ng/g) (Iriti et al., 2006), Prunus avium L. (0.01 to 0.22 ng/g) (Gonzalez- Gomez et al., 2009 Citrus reticulata (0.15 ng/g), Mangifera indica (0.70 ng/g), Carica papaya L. (0.24 ng/g) and Fructus Mori (1.41 ng/g) (Johns et al., 2013).

Figure 1: Presence of Melatonin in Fruit Peels.

HPLC Analysis of Garcinia mangostana fruit peel

Methanolic extract of the Peel was compared with the Standard Melatonin. The retention time of standard melatonin was 1.374 min (Figure 2) and the extract was 1.315 min (Figure 3). The retention time of both the standard and sample was more or less similar and the peak obtained from 1.310 to 1.409 min. Earlier Chen et al., 2003 reported the detection of melatonin using HPLC-FD with 80% methanol water as mobile phase (Chen et al., 2003). Standard melatonin had a retention time of 28 min. The retention time may vary according to column, mobile phase and flow rate. Some studies revealed that detection of Melatonin in HPLC is better than the ELISA technique and it was demonstrated by comparing 8 types of wines (Cheng et al., 2021). HPLC for detection of melatonin is feasible and accurate compared to other methods (Reiter et al., 2007).

Figure 2: HPLC Analysis of Standard Melatonin. The retention time of standard Melatonin was 1. 314 min.
Figure 3: HPLC Analysis of Mangosteen fruit peel extract. The MeoH extract has a retention time of 1.315 min.

DISCUSSION

Phytomelatonin has been detected in large quantity in the rice varieties (Peanparkdee and Iwamoto, 2019) than other plant samples (Mannino et al., 2021). Coffea canephora, coffea arabica, Mentha piperita, Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris are reported to contain the highest quantity of melatonin among the plants (Salehi et al., 2019). However, it is impossible to use these plants in large scale since, they are economically and medicinally important. To maintain sustainability, screening of agro food waste is an excellent alternative approach. Peels of Garcinia mangostana were one of the excellent agro food waste with ample amount of useful compounds. Expensive techniques like Radioimmuno techniques and fluorescent techniques are ultilized for detecting melatonin (Fraser et al., 1983). For smaller samples size these techniques will be helpful but for large sample size, cost effective techniques are required. Detectable quantities of Phytomelatonin was observed in the studied fruit peels. These sources are cost effective and do not have adverse effect on human health. The phytomelatonin from these sources have multiple applications. It can be useful for human and plant health.

CONCLUSION

Melatonin being ubiquitous in function is used as dietary and sleep supplement. Synthetic melatonin has several adverse effects on human health and natural melatonin obtained plant sources are safe. The only limitation and challenge in natural melatonin is the presence of negligible or low concentration available in plant sources which are also influenced by genetical and abiotic factors. The present study reveals that Fruit peels offer a great potential source of melatonin in appreciable quantity. Among the fruit peels investigated, Garcinia mangostana fruit Peel is a novel, promising source of melatonin which could be effectively used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries for the production of a safer healthcare products.

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Gandhi, S. L. S., Rajasekaran, A., Saravanabava, H. M., & Angusami, M. (2025). Garcinia mangostana L. Fruit Peel-A Novel Source of Melatonin. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 15(4), 1365–1369. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijpi.20250008