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MicroRNA Regulation in Cancer: Insights into Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment

Ibtihaj Alrehaili1, Norah Alrashoud2, Rawaeb Almutairi3, Lama Alqahtani4, Nour Alhatm4, Aseelah Almutairi5, Asma Alghamdi6, Azhar Barnawi7, Kharsan Alyami8, Hanin Alghamdi9, Jamilah Algasem10, Reham Alshahrani11, Lubna Aljaddua12, Mozoun Alahmari13, Lama Alqahtani14

  1. 1College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
  2. 2College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  3. 3Pharmacy Administration Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  4. 4College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  5. 5Department of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
  6. 6Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.
  7. 7Department of Public Health and Health Informatics, College of Health Promotion and Education, University of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah, KSA.
  8. 8Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacist at New Najran General Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
  9. 9Department of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
  10. 10General Nursing Department, MOH, Abha, KSA.
  11. 11Family Medicine Specialist, MOH, Abha, KSA.
  12. 12Department of Pharmacy, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, KSA.
  13. 13Family Medicine Consultant, MOH, Abha, KSA.
  14. 14Pharmacist at Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Hospital-Arrayan, Riyadh, KSA.

Received: 11-03-2025; Accepted: 01-05-2025.

Volume 23, Issue 4 · pp. 3205 · PUBLISHED 29 October 2025 · DOI: 10.18549/PharmPract.2025.4.3205

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ABSTRACT

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny, non-coding RNA molecules that are pivotal in regulating cell growth, development, cell cycle, and programmed cell death. Alterations in miRNA expression, caused by various mechanisms such as amplification, deletion, mutation, or epigenetic changes, can lead to either an increase or decrease in their levels in cancerous cells. Since their initial discovery in 1993, a wealth of research has established miRNAs as key players in oncogenesis and tumor suppression across various human cancers. The study of miRNAs is critical for predicting cancer outcomes and aiding in its detection. Numerous miRNAs have demonstrated potential as markers for cancer prognosis and diagnosis, as well as targets for therapy. Their profound influence on tumor development and spread is becoming increasingly acknowledged. This article presents a summary of how miRNAs are synthesized and generated, and explores their dual function as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Additionally, we delve into the promising applications of miRNAs as instruments for cancer diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and therapeutic intervention.

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    Alrehaili, I., Alrashoud, N., Almutairi, R., Alqahtani, L., Alhatm, N., Almutairi, A., Alghamdi, A., Barnawi, A., Alyami, K., Alghamdi, H., Algasem, J., Alshahrani, R., Aljaddua, L., Alahmari, M., & Alqahtani, L. (2025). MicroRNA Regulation in Cancer: Insights into Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment. Pharmacy Practice, 23(4), 3205. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2025.4.3205