Volume 60, Issue 4

2026 · pp. 1351–1816 · 46 articles

Volume: 60
Issue: 4
Published: 2026
Pages: 1351–1816
Articles: 46
Sections: 2
ISSN: Online - 0019-5464
Journal: IJPER

Review Article Original Article

In this issue

Review Article

Review
Genetic and Immunological Underpinnings of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Bridging Molecular Insights with Clinical Translation
Rikngam Gibo, Purbajit Chetia, George Hmangte Kom, Phiwansiewdor Syiem, Jyotirupa Mochahari
pp. 1351–1365 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20263195 · Published 2026
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder characterized by a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to chronic inflammation and multiorgan damage. The pathogenesis of SLE involves complex…
Review
Marine Actinomycete-Derived Secondary Metabolites for Overcoming Chemoresistance in Cancer Treatment: Focus on Mechanisms and Biosynthetic Pathway
Abdulmajeed M. Jali
pp. 1366–1378 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264564 · Published 2026
Chemoresistance remains a major limitation of cancer chemotherapy, leading to therapeutic failure, tumour relapse, and poor clinical outcomes. The development of agents capable of sensitising resistant cancer cells or mo…
Review
A Comprehensive Review on Outcome Based Education Framework (OBE) for Implementation in Indian Pharmacy Institutes
Helvinder Kaur, Farheen Sami, Sheikh Murtuja, Nadeem Hasan, Arun Kumar, Rajesh Sreedharan Nair, Md Sajid Ali, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria, Shahnaz Majeed, M Saquib Hasnain, Mohammed Tahir Ansari
pp. 1379–1393 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261641 · Published 2026
Introduction: There has been a substantial paradigm shift in pharmacy education towards Outcomes-Based Education (OBE), which emphasizes the acquisition of industrial based competencies and skills among the graduates. Ob…

Original Article

Article
Rapidly Disintegrating Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Tablets: A Novel Formulation Approach Using Superdisintegrant Technology
Km. Anjali, Arvind Raghav
pp. 1394–1408 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264257 · Published 2026
Background: This study focused on developing fast-disintegrating tablets of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by combining superdisintegrant technology with a novel drug-resin complex, Kyron T-314, to achieve improved dissolut…
Article
Development and Characterization of Ranolazine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced Angina Therapy
Prasanna Shirgaonkar, Rutuja Chougale, Kiran Patil, Vibhuti Thakur, Firoj Tamboli, Somnath Bhinge, Shailendra Gurav
pp. 1409–1415 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261392 · Published 2026
Background: The study focuses on the development and characterization of Ranolazine-loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (RNZ-SLNs) to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety in angina therapy. Materials and Methods: RNZ-SLN…
Article
Design and Development of Pulsatile Drug Delivery System of Bambuterol for Asthma Treatment
Sanjay Jayaram, Manjunath Kopparam, Abdul Waris Khan
pp. 1416–1424 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261636 · Published 2026
Aim/Background: The objective of this study was to create a pulsincap system designed to target the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) and administer the asthma drug bambuterol. Materials and Methods: In vitro release tests an…
Article
Design and Optimization of Novel Anti-Tubercular Polyherbal Chewable Tablet Using Design Expert
Jaya Martolia, Falguni Tandel, Hardik Soni
pp. 1425–1440 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261658 · Published 2026
Introduction: Scientific and Ayurvedic literature provides strong evidence that plants, their phytoconstituents, and extracts have significant anti-tubercular activity. However, developing effective herbal formulations i…
Article
A Novel Transethosomal Gel Formulation for Sustained Capsaicin Delivery in Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Treatment
Vishal Mane, Kishori Prasanna Sutar, Rashmita Kashinath Akkatangerhal
pp. 1441–1449 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262581 · Published 2026
Objectives: The study aims to develop a novel capsaicin loaded transethosomal gel for the treatment of Post-Herpetic Neuralgia (PHN) for sustained capsaicin delivery. Materials and Methods: Transethosomes were formulated…
Article
Significance of Formulation Development and Packaging Controls: Research on Product Integrity/Quality
Ashlesh Prabhu, Arjun Prabhu, Ravindra Shenoy Udyavar, Kirankumar Hunashimarad, Mahendra Joshi, Girish Pai Kulyadi
pp. 1450–1458 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262112 · Published 2026
Background: The pharmaceutical Industry is one of the sectors with the most stringent guidelines since it deals with human lives. Faults in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products provide serious obstacles to assure…
Article
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Bicalutamide Nano Suspension with Enhanced Solubility
Alka Ramesh Bhure, Atul Anand Phatak
pp. 1459–1468 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20263223 · Published 2026
Background: Bicalutamide, a non-steroidal anti-androgen, is commonly prescribed for the treatment of prostate cancer. A drug categorized under BCS Class II due to its low solubility and higher permeability. The inherent …
Article
Safflower Polysaccharide Promotes Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response in Gastric Cancer Cells by Up-Regulating miR-6738-3p
Shupei Ma, Dongyu Xie, Gang Tao, Jing Sun, Xiaowen Yu
pp. 1469–1474 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260496 · Published 2026
Objectives: To probe the action and mechanism of Safflower Polysaccharide (SPS) on Gastric Cancer (GC) cells. Materials and Methods: qRT-PCR detected miR-6738-3p expression levels. MTT assay and flow cytometry were adopt…
Article
Effect of Astragalus membranaceus Extract Combined with Nursing Intervention on Serum Inflammatory Factors and Therapeutic Effects in Patients with IgA Nephropathy
Yingmei Chen, Jun Yang, Wulin Long
pp. 1475–1487 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260516 · Published 2026
Background and Objectives: IgA nephropathy is a common immunologically mediated kidney disease. This work investigated the impact of Astragalus membranaceus Extract (AME) combined with nursing intervention on serum infla…
Article
Harnessing the Health Benefits and Biological Impact of Fermented Galactomannan from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) Seeds
Sarumathi Chandrasekaran, Sai Sakthi Sridevi Kumaran, Bhuvaneswari Shanmugam, Ahamed Rofiya Begam Mohamed Samsudeen
pp. 1488–1498 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20263141 · Published 2026
Introduction: Recently, polysaccharides from plant sources have been playing a crucial role in various therapeutic applications. Indeed, galactomannan from fenugreek seeds has garnered significant attention from research…
Article
Quercetin Ameliorates Sepsis-Related Acute Kidney Injury through Inhibition of Ferroptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells via the Nrf-2/GPX4 Pathway
Bo Long, Liangchen Li, Xiaoqiang Liu
pp. 1499–1507 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260554 · Published 2026
Objectives: This study evaluates the therapeutic effect of quercetin on Sepsis-related Acute Kidney Injury (S-AKI) and explores its potential mechanisms to provide theoretical support for its use in treating S-AKI. Mater…
Article
Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extracts Ameliorates Diabetic Renal Injury in Rats via TWEAK/Fn14/NF-κB Pathway
Yingda Yan, Fanwen Yang
pp. 1515–1522 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260555 · Published 2026
Objectives: Our study aims to explore the effect of Ginkgo biloba Leaf extracts (GBLF) on diabetic nephropathy and its mechanism. Materials and Methods: Fifty rats were divided into five groups: Control, Model, Positive …
Article
Development of an AI-Powered Virtual Lab for Pharmaceutical Fermentation Education
Yanping Li, Feng Li, Weiwei Zhuo, Xiaomeng Zhang, Hongjie Wu, Lihu Zhang
pp. 1523–1531 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262414 · Published 2026
Aim/Background: This study aims to develop an AI-enhanced virtual lab framework. It addresses the high costs and operational risks of traditional biopharmaceutical fermentation engineering education. The proposed solutio…
Article
Total Alkaloids of Tripterygium wilfordii Improve Alzheimer's Disease in Mice Through Antioxidation, Anti-Neuronal Apoptosis and Anti-Neuroinflammation
Zhen He, Gang Chen, Jianghua Li
pp. 1532–1538 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260673 · Published 2026
Objectives: To explore the effect of total alkaloids of Tripterygium wilfordii (TAPC) on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in mice through antioxidation, anti-neuronal apoptosis and anti-neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods: …
Article
Echinacea Glycoside Inhibits the Malignant Biological Behavior of Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating the LEF1CD44clinD1-Related Pathway
Haiwei Xiong, Xiaoyan Nie, Jiahui Wu, Wei Cao
pp. 1539–1543 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260679 · Published 2026
Objectives: To investigate the inhibitory effect of Echinacoside on the malignant biological behavior of breast cancer cells through the regulation of the Lymphatic Enhancement Factor 1 (LEF1)-Cell Surface Adhesion molec…
Article
Photoprotective Activity of Citrus sinensis Peel Crude Extract: In vitro Analytical Method and Formulation
Poh Yen Thong, Chean Hui Ng, Ke-Xin Yu, Samer Al-Dhalli, Mohamad Nizam Abdul Ghani, Siaw Fui Kiew, Sie Yon Lau, Chin Siang Kue
pp. 1544–1554 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261692 · Published 2026
Background: Peel extract of Citrus sinensis is rich in beneficial phytochemicals that can protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. This study evaluates the suitability of C. sinensis peel waste as the p…
Article
Neuroprotective Effect of Stemona tuberose Leaf Extract on MCAO/R-Induced Rats via P13K/Akt Signaling Pathway
Changqing Li, Junpeng Meng
pp. 1555–1563 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261510 · Published 2026
Background: Ischemic Stroke (IS) is a serious illness with great fatality and disability globally. The pathophysiological causes of IS are oxidative stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Objectives: Cerebral Ischemia/…
Article
Analysis of the Inhibitory Effect of Dihydroartemisinin on Inflammatory Responses in Mice with Neuropathic Pain Induced by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1
Hui Wang, Jie Xia
pp. 1564–1571 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261715 · Published 2026
Objectives: To elucidate the underlying mechanism through which Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) exerts its influence on mice with Neuropathic Pain (NP) induced by the NS1 protein of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV). Materi…
Article
Polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus (Phps) Protect against Doxorubicin-Induced Myocardial Inflammatory Injury in Mice through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway
Xiaoyu Ren, Jinfeng Wang, Yuan Zhou, Lili Jiang, Fei Liu, Qingxian Mei
pp. 1572–1578 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261835 · Published 2026
Aim/Background: To study the improvement effect of Phellinus linteus polysaccharides (Phps) on doxorubicin-induced myocarditis injury in mice. Materials and Methods: The mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, namely b…
Article
Hepatoprotective Role of Melaleuca leucadendra and Cassia surattensis Extracts against Isoniazid and Rifampicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice
Annu Bhati, Avijit Mazumder, Priyanka Bansal, Motamarri Venkata Naga Lalitha Chaitanya
pp. 1579–1586 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262755 · Published 2026
Background: Liver disorders arising from various causes, including infections, toxins, and certain medications, remain a significant global health challenge. Ongoing research focuses on the development of novel drug comp…
Article
Tricin Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis and Inhibits the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adenine-Induced Rats
Yang Xu, Jianmin Zhang, Yapu Zhang, Yanli Gou, Qian Wang, Xuezhong Li, Kai Li
pp. 1587–1595 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20263001 · Published 2026
Background: Renal fibrosis, a defining feature of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) development, is marked by the over deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in structural and functional impairment of the kidn…
Article
Tanshinone ⅡA Ameliorates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Induced Depression-Like Behaviors: Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanism Evaluation
Qun Li, Yuancheng Jin, Yuhua Wu, Menglu Zhu, Saiwei Wu, Guoqing Zhang, Zhujin Song
pp. 1596–1605 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260395 · Published 2026
Background: Depression is a commonly occurring mental disease and many active ingredients of herbs have been proven to effectively alleviate depression. Objectives: To investigate the effects of Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) …
Article
Effect of Pomiferin against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Mice by Immunomodulatory Effects and Involvement of the Inflammatory Cytokine Pathway
Abdulkarim S. Binshaya, Khalid Alshaghdali
pp. 1606–1617 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261291 · Published 2026
Background: Cyclophosphamide (Cy) is widely used in oncology and immunology for treating cancers and severe autoimmune diseases. However, its clinical utility is limited by adverse effects such as immunosuppression, hema…
Article
Metformin Affects Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis by Regulating the Prognostic Marker S100a2 Expression
Yang Liu, Boer Deng, Dan Luo, Jianjun Zhang, Weimin Kong
pp. 1618–1623 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260473 · Published 2026
Background: To investigate the effects of metformin on the proliferation and apoptosis of human endometrial carcinoma cells, along with elucidating the potential underlying mechanisms, we conducted a study wherein the ca…
Article
Transferulic Acid Suppresses TNF α-induced β-Catenin Activation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in A549 Lung Cancer Cells
Abdulmajeed M. Jali, Ali Hanbashi, Hamad Al Shahi, Faroq Kamli, Khalid Zoghebi
pp. 1624–1635 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264716 · Published 2026
Background and Objectives: Lung cancer is a prevalent malignancy characterized by a high propensity for metastasis and is a rising contributor to mortality. The prognosis and treatment strategies have become challenging …
Article
Antipyretic Effect of Geniposide in Dry Yeast-Induced Pyrexia Rats via Intervening the Compositions of Gut Microbiota
Xiao-lin Li, Sheng-fu Chen, Tian-long Liu, Ren-jie Wang, Rong Wang, Mao-Xing Li
pp. 1636–1645 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260479 · Published 2026
Aim: Geniposide is the main active ingredient in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, but its antipyretic mechanism is still unclear. Materials and Methods: To study the change of the gut microbiota in febrile rats with dry yeast…
Article
Glycyrrhizin Modulates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Ev71 Infection by Targeting the NF-κB pathway
Qian Li, Yuechuan Zhang, Tianjiao Wang, Jiamei Wu
pp. 1646–1655 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261024 · Published 2026
Background: Previous research has demonstrated that glycyrrhizin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic characteristics. In this study, RD cells were infected with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and a cell mode…
Article
Chemical Characterization and Biological Potential of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extract: GC-MS, In vitro, and Molecular Docking Studies
Padmapriya Sundaram, Selvi Sellappan, Mohammed Saleh Al Aboody, Wardah A. Alhoqail, Suresh Mickymaray, Kaviya Suresh
pp. 1656–1669 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264744 · Published 2026
Background: Medicinal plants remain an important source of therapeutic agents due to their rich phytochemical composition and broad pharmacological activities. Simarouba glauca is a traditionally used medicinal plant; ho…
Article
Nano-Enabled Stem Cell Therapy Ameliorates Premature Ovarian Failure in Rats via Hormonal and Follicular Regeneration
Qiangdong Zou, Yan Wang
pp. 1670–1680 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261329 · Published 2026
Background: Premature ovarian failure (POF), clinically referred to as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), represents a loss of ovarian function occurring before the age of 40 and remains a major cause of infertility in…
Article
Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Metastatic Effects of Conessine in Human Osteosarcoma Cells: In vitro and in silico Evidence Targeting MMP2 and MMP9
Hafiz A. Makeen, Mohammad Albratty
pp. 1681–1695 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264949 · Published 2026
Background: Osteosarcoma is a predominant bone cancer characterised by increased metastatic potential, rapid proliferation, and insufficient clinical prognosis, making it the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity. Fi…
Article
Neuroprotective Effects of Tephrosin on Aluminium Chloride-induced Oxidative Stress Mediated Neuroinflammation in Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Hongxing Xue, Weijuan Nan, Qiang Li
pp. 1696–1705 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262570 · Published 2026
Aim/Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with limited therapeutic options. Tephrosin (TP), a natural rotenoid, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study…
Article
Anticancer Potential of Didymin by Inducing Apoptosis in Thyroid Cancer TPC-1 Cells
Hongli Yang, Qian Sun, Zhi Hao, Nana Li, Wei Liu, Fanjia Zeng, Dandan Liu, Zhibin Jiang
pp. 1706–1712 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20263131 · Published 2026
Background: Thyroid cancer, a tumor arising from the thyroid gland, impacts a considerable portion of the population, with incidence rates exhibiting an upward trend globally. The mortality rates for thyroid cancer are r…
Article
Characteristics of Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Acute Coronary Syndrome Prescribed PCSK9 Inhibitors
Samar Zuhair Alshawwa, Lama AlRebdi, Nouf AlMasri, Mayada AlSuwaid, Amal Alnajjar, Reem Bahmaid, Faisal AlQarni, Khaled AlMatrafi, Sadaf Jamal Glani
pp. 1713–1719 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20261849 · Published 2026
Background: Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) or statin intolerance are significantly increasing. Therefore, a novel class of lipid-lowering drugs called Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin type 9 (PCSK…
Article
Nephroprotective effect of Dichrostachys cinerea Bark Extract against Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Nephropathy Via Alteration of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Kavitha Kandasamy, Zain Alabden Ghanim Ahmed Ahmed, Zead Helmi Abudayeh, Samer Hasan Hussein-Al-Ali, Shilpa Perumal Narasimhamoorthi, Palanisamy Arulselvan, Karunakaran Saravanan, Subbarayan Sarathbabu
pp. 1720–1729 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264263 · Published 2026
Introduction: The primary trigger of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in several affluent nations, including the US, is diabetic nephropathy. Objectives: Diabetic nephropathy is a microvascular consequence that can occur i…
Article
Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of Nigella sativa Oil with Some Hematological Parameters and ANAE Positive Lymphocyte Ratio in Bisphenol A Toxicity
Mehmet Özsan, İlknur Ündağ, Nurcan Dönmez, Elif Aydın, Hasan Hüseyin Dönmez
pp. 1730–1735 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20263488 · Published 2026
Background and Aim: Bisphenol A (BPA) est chemicum endocrinum perturbans, late in variis productis consumptoriis adhibitum, quod per systemata endocrinum et immunologicum nocet valetudini. Huius studii propositum erat ex…
Article
A Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Favipiravir in Tablets
Hemlata Manohar Nimje, Smita Pawar, Amol Kale, Trushal Chorage
pp. 1736–1744 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20260817 · Published 2026
Objectives: The focus of this research work was to develop an accurate and validated RP-HPLC technique for analysing Favipiravir (FAVI) drug and interpreting related degradants in drug and its formulation. Materials and …
Article
Development and Validation of a Novel UPLC-MS/ MS Method for Quantification of Tovorafenib and Characterization of its Forced Degradation Products
Gayathridevi Ketineni, Risy Namratha Jamullamudi
pp. 1745–1753 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262058 · Published 2026
Aim and Objectives: The current study was primarily aimed at the development of a validated stability indicating UPLC method for tovorafenib and its related impurities, and UPLC-MS/MS analysis of degradation products. Ma…
Article
QbD-Based Development, Greenness and Blueness Evaluation of a Stability-Indicating HPTLC Method for Ivacaftor with Mass Spectrometric Identification of Degradation Products
Vidhya Kishore Bhusari, Nirmal Vijay Bhangale, Minal Rushikesh Ghante, Arpana Rajaram Patil
pp. 1754–1766 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262023 · Published 2026
Aim/Background: Quality by Design (QbD) is a structured approach to pharmaceutical development that emphasizes a deep understanding of processes and control of variability to ensure consistent quality. This study aims to…
Article
Pharmacovigilance Education in Pharmacy: An Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Perception Among Future Pharmacists
Arfa Anwar Sayed, Akshata Gore, Shamita Shyam Sail, Sanatkumar Bharamu Nyamagoud
pp. 1767–1776 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262029 · Published 2026
Background: Pharmacovigilance (Pv) comprises the detection, valuation, understanding, as well as inhibition of adverse drug events or drug related glitches. Following the thalidomide tragedies of the 1950s and 1960s, pha…
Article
Flax-Based Green-Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Alleviate the Severity of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms in Mice
Yuanhong Li, Yan Jiang
pp. 1777–1786 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262115 · Published 2026
Aim: This study aimed to explore the green synthesis and characterization of Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) using an aqueous extract of Linum usitatissimum L. (Flax) and assess their potential role in neuroinflammatory diseas…
Article
Isolation and Mechanistic Exploration of FS-1: A Pro-Apoptotic Protein from Gloydius brevicaudus Venom in Tumor Cells
Jianguo Hu, Hongxia Guo, Chuang Wang, Yun Chen
pp. 1787–1800 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262119 · Published 2026
Background/Objectives: Components potentially inducing tumor cell apoptosis were isolated from Gloydius brevicaudus venom, and their apoptotic mechanisms were investigated. Materials and Methods: The lyophilized venom wa…
Article
Tumor Suppressive Effect of miRNA-205-3p on Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Regulating ZDBF2
Xin Lu, Wenting Mi, Jianming Zheng, Meishi Tang, Haoxiang Ou, Yubin Liu
pp. 1801–1809 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264811 · Published 2026
Objectives: The present study aimed to clarify the functional involvement of microRNA-205-3p (miRNA-205-3p) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) progression and to determine its potential clinical relevance in predicting di…
Article
Relationship between miR-148a-3p and Lower Extremity Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Junfang Yi, Wenjiang Pan, Xiaoqiang Li
pp. 1810–1816 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20264789 · Published 2026
Background: Post-interventional restenosis remains a major limitation in the management of Lower Extremity Arteriosclerosis Obliterans (LEASO), and reliable circulating biomarkers for early risk prediction are still lack…